Document Type : Research Articles
Authors
1
Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
2
Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
3
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Dutse, Nigeria.
4
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
5
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
6
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
7
Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Summit University, Offa, Nigeria.
Abstract
Tramadol is a widely used opioid, high dose of which has been associated with oxidative stress and provocation of inflammation. This study aims to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum (black pepper) whole fruits in ameliorating tramadol-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in male Wistar rats. The rats were induced using 60 mg/kg tramadol and then treated with different concentration of black pepper aqueous extract (PNAE); 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight as well as the reference medication Vitamin C (Vit.C), once daily for 14 days. The parameters related to inflammation and oxidative stress were examined. Secondary metabolite constituents found in the extract include tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and glycosides. Administration of tramadol significantly (p<0.05) increased the level of inflammatory metabolites such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, this was reversed insignificantly (p>0.05) by the Vit.C and BPAE at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. Tramadol also significantly (p< 0.05) invokes oxidative stress by decreasing the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), while increasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) in liver and kidney tissues. Vit.C as well as at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg PNAE significantly (p< 0.05) reversed the level of MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, thereby attenuating the effects of tramadol especially at the highest dose. These results revealed that the extract has therapeutic potential against oxidative stress and inflammation thereby attenuating and reversing the deleterious effects of tramadol in a dose dependent manner.
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